外刊精读 | 招聘看简历,还是看人呢?
2023-07-07
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Making college more affordable is important, but there are other keys to the doors of opportunity as well. With an executive order issued on Jan. 18, his first full day as governor, Josh Shapiro of Pennsylvania used one of them: He eliminated the requirement of a four-year college degree for the vast majority of jobs in the state government, a change similar to one that Maryland and Utah made last year. This demonstrates both good policy and good leadership, representing a concrete change in hiring philosophy that stops reducing people to a credential and conveys that everyone — college-educated or not — has experience and worth that employers should consider.
The decision was driven in part by the realities of a tight labor market. Unemployment in Pennsylvania is 3.9 percent — close to the national average of 3.5 percent — and lower than it was before the pandemic. Public and private employers have been struggling to find qualified applicants, prompting a re-evaluation of hiring criteria. As Mr. Shapiro’s order notes, “In the modern labor market, applicants gain knowledge, skills and abilities through a variety of means, including apprenticeships, on-the-job training and trade schools.”
The private sector has been moving gradually in this direction already. Major players to embrace skill-based hiring include General Motors, Bank of America, Google, Apple and Accenture. IBM is recognized as a particular leader; about half of its U.S. job openings no longer require a four-year degree.
The public sector should join this reset more aggressively. Getting more states on board could provide a valuable boost; state governments are among the largest employers in many states, so their hiring criteria play a special role in validating workers without college degrees. Last March, Larry Hogan of Maryland became the first governor to announce that his state was doing away with college degree requirements for many jobs. In December, his fellow Republican, Spencer Cox of Utah, followed suit. “Degrees have become a blanketed barrier to entry in too many jobs,” Mr. Cox said. “Instead of focusing on demonstrated competence, the focus too often has been on a piece of paper.”
Expanding the terms for who can get hired is a change that would reverberate far beyond individual jobs and job seekers. It would bring a greater degree of openness and fairness into the labor market.
prosperity (繁荣) - the state of being successful and prosperous
Example: The country’s prosperity can be attributed to its booming tourism industry.
bachelor’s degree (学士学位) - an undergraduate academic degree awarded by universities and colleges
Example: She earned her bachelor’s degree in finance from a prestigious university.
earnings gap (收入差距) - the difference in income between two groups of people
Example: The earnings gap between men and women in the same positions is still a major issue in many industries.
Federal Reserve Bank (美国联邦储备银行) - the central bank of the United States
Example: The Federal Reserve Bank plays a crucial role in regulating the nation’s monetary policy.
spirals upward (急速上涨) - increases rapidly
Example: The cost of healthcare in the US has been spiraling upward for many years.
anxiety (焦虑) - a feeling of worry or unease
Example: The pandemic has caused increased levels of anxiety and stress for many people.
bitterness (愤怒) - resentment, anger, or disappointment
Example: He felt a deep sense of bitterness after being passed over for a promotion.
alienation (疏远) - the feeling of being isolated from a group or society
Example: Many immigrants experience a sense of alienation when they first move to a new country.
affordable (负担得起的) - able to be paid for or obtained without causing financial strain
Example: The government should focus on making healthcare more affordable for all citizens.
executive order (行政命令) - a directive issued by the president or governor of a country or state
Example: The president signed an executive order to limit the use of fossil fuels in government buildings.
credential (证书) - a qualification or certificate showing that a person is qualified for a particular job or profession
Example: She had to provide her credentials to prove that she was a licensed physician.
philosophy (哲学) - a system of beliefs or values
Example: His philosophy on education emphasizes the importance of hands-on learning experiences.
hiring criteria (招聘标准) - the requirements or standards used to evaluate job applicants
Example: The company’s hiring criteria include a minimum of five years of experience in the field.
apprenticeship (学徒制) - a system of on-the-job training for a specific trade or profession
Example: Many skilled trades such as carpentry or plumbing require completing an apprenticeship program.
on-the-job training (现场培训) - training provided at the place of work, often by experienced coworkers or supervisors
Example: The new employee will receive on-the-job training for the first few weeks of their employment.
skill-based hiring (基于技能的招聘) - a hiring approach that focuses on the skills and abilities of the applicant rather than formal education or degrees
Example: The company’s recent shift to skill-based hiring has led to a more diverse and qualified workforce.
private sector (私营部门) - the part of the economy that is made up of private businesses and organizations
Example: Many companies in the private sector have been impacted by the pandemic and have had to make significant changes to their operations.
public sector (公共部门) - the part of the economy that is made up of government agencies and organizations
Example: The public sector is responsible for providing essential services such as healthcare, education, and public safety.
competence (能力) - the ability to do something successfully or efficiently
Example: The job candidate demonstrated a high level of competence in their field during the interview.
openness (开放态度) - the willingness to consider different ideas or perspectives
Example: A culture of openness and collaboration is essential for a successful business or organization.
上下滑动阅读双语全文
In one of the richest nations on earth, the path to prosperity has narrowed significantly in recent decades — especially for those without a college education. More than 62 percent of Americans ages 25 and up do not hold bachelor’s degrees, and the earnings gap between those with a college education and those without one has never been wider. In 2021, the difference between the median earnings of younger workers with bachelor’s degrees and workers of the same age with high-school diplomas only was $22,000 — the largest since the Federal Reserve Bank of New York began tracking earnings in 1990. That’s happening even as the cost of college spirals upward, putting it out of reach for many. This has fueled anxiety, bitterness and a sense of alienation among the millions who see themselves as shut out of an economy that does not value them.
在美国，世界上最富有的国家之一，近几十年来，通往富裕的道路明显变窄，对那些没有接受过大学教育的人来说情况更甚。在25岁及以上的美国人中，超过62%的人没有学士学位，受过大学教育的人和没有受过大学教育的人之间的收入差距从未如此之大。2021年，拥有学士学位的年轻工人与只有高中文凭的同龄工人之间的收入中值差距为22,000美元，这是自1990年纽约联邦储备银行开始跟踪收入以来的最大差距。与此同时，大学学费也在螺旋式上升，使许多人无力负担。这加剧了数百万人的焦虑、愤懑和疏离感，他们认为自己被排斥在一个不重视自己的经济体之外。
Making college more affordable is important, but there are other keys to the doors of opportunity as well. With an executive order issued on Jan. 18, his first full day as governor, Josh Shapiro of Pennsylvania used one of them: He eliminated the requirement of a four-year college degree for the vast majority of jobs in the state government, a change similar to one that Maryland and Utah made last year. This demonstrates both good policy and good leadership, representing a concrete change in hiring philosophy that stops reducing people to a credential and conveys that everyone — college-educated or not — has experience and worth that employers should consider.
让学生能上得起大学很重要，但还有其他打开机会大门的钥匙。1月18日，宾夕法尼亚州州长乔希·夏皮罗上任的第一天发布了一道行政命令，他就运用了其中一把钥匙：他取消了州政府中绝大多数职位对四年制大学学位的要求，这一改变类似于马里兰州和犹他州去年做出的改变。这既体现了良好的政策，也体现了优秀的领导力，代表了招聘理念的具体变化，不再将人简化成一纸证书，而是传达出每个人——无论是否受过大学教育——都有雇主应该考虑的经验和价值。
The decision was driven in part by the realities of a tight labor market. Unemployment in Pennsylvania is 3.9 percent — close to the national average of 3.5 percent — and lower than it was before the pandemic. Public and private employers have been struggling to find qualified applicants, prompting a re-evaluation of hiring criteria. As Mr. Shapiro’s order notes, “In the modern labor market, applicants gain knowledge, skills and abilities through a variety of means, including apprenticeships, on-the-job training and trade schools.”
这一决定的部分原因是劳动力市场吃紧。宾夕法尼亚州的失业率为3.9%，接近3.5%的全国平均水平，低于其在疫情前的水平。公共和私营企业的雇主一直难以找到合格的求职者，这促使他们重新评估招聘标准。夏皮罗在行政命令中指出，“在现代劳动力市场，求职者通过各种方式获得知识、技能和能力，包括学徒、在职培训和职业学校。”
The private sector has been moving gradually in this direction already. Major players to embrace skill-based hiring include General Motors, Bank of America, Google, Apple and Accenture. IBM is recognized as a particular leader; about half of its U.S. job openings no longer require a four-year degree.
私企已经在逐步朝这个方向发展。根据技能招聘员工的大公司包括通用汽车、美国银行、谷歌、苹果和埃森哲咨询公司。IBM被认为是一个特别的领跑者；其在美国的约一半职位空缺不再要求四年制学位。
The public sector should join this reset more aggressively. Getting more states on board could provide a valuable boost; state governments are among the largest employers in many states, so their hiring criteria play a special role in validating workers without college degrees. Last March, Larry Hogan of Maryland became the first governor to announce that his state was doing away with college degree requirements for many jobs. In December, his fellow Republican, Spencer Cox of Utah, followed suit. “Degrees have become a blanketed barrier to entry in too many jobs,” Mr. Cox said. “Instead of focusing on demonstrated competence, the focus too often has been on a piece of paper.”
公共部门应该更积极地加入这一调整。得到更多州的支持可以带来有力的推动；州政府是许多州最大的雇主之一，所以他们的招聘标准在认可没有大学学位的员工方面发挥着特殊的作用。去年3月，马里兰州州长拉里·霍根率先宣布该州将取消对许多工作岗位的大学学位要求。去年12月，他的共和党同僚、犹他州州长斯宾塞·考克斯也采取了同样的做法。考克斯说，“学位已经成为从事诸多工作的一个普遍门槛。”“人们往往把注意力放在一张证书上，而不是展示出来的能力。”
Expanding the terms for who can get hired is a change that would reverberate far beyond individual jobs and job seekers. It would bring a greater degree of openness and fairness into the labor market.
扩大就业条件将不止对个别工作和求职者带来深远影响。它将为劳动力市场带来更大程度的开放和公平。
Reading Questions：
1. What is the current situation of the earnings gap between those with a college education and those without one?
A. It has never been wider.
B. It has never been narrower.
C. It has remained unchanged.
D. It has been decreasing gradually.
2. What is the reason for Josh Shapiro’s executive order issued on Jan. 18?
A. To make college more affordable.
B. to eliminate the requirement of a four-year college degree for the vast majority of jobs in the state government.
C. To provide apprenticeships and on-the-job training for workers.
D. To boost the economy.
3. What is the potential impact of expanding the terms for who can get hired?
A. It would lead to more people getting jobs in the public sector.
B. It would make the labor market more open and fair.
C. It would decrease the unemployment rate.
D. It would require more people to get a four-year degree.
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